Whether working in the lab, with zoos, museums, NGOs, or in the field, you will find yourself in a collaborative and supportive environment. 2016. Primate Conservation 20: 53–63. Chapman, Colin A., and Carlos A. Peres. “Ebola Outbreak Killed 5,000 Gorillas.” Science 314 (5805): 1564. doi: 10.1126/science.1133105. Ultimately, the research of field primatologists like us is important for documenting the status of wild primate populations, as well as for understanding how they respond to these threats and for gaining insights into the kinds of efforts that can help to improve their chances of survival in an uncertain future. Not all primates are hunted specifically for food. (prī′māt′) Any of various mammals of the order Primates, which consists of the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes including humans, and is characterized by nails on the hands and feet, a short snout, and a large brain. Close contact and primate handling are often the most direct ways in which these diseases are transmitted. An introduction to primate conservation Serge A. Wich , Andrew J. Marshall The number of primates on the brink of extinction continues to grow, and the need to respond with effective conservation measures has never been greater. 2015. Figure B.13 A model of the extinction vortex drawn by Karen B. Strier (AAPA 87th Annual Meeting, 11-14 April 2018), adapted from Gilpin and Soulé (1986), is available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. Adopting conservation-driven criteria of land conversion based on primate vulnerability would be ideally key to minimize the species-specific impact of oil palm expansion, by limiting the number of primate species expected to lose significant fractions of their range (Fig. B. da Fonseca, William R. Konstant, Russel A. Mittermeier, Andy Purvis, Anthony B. Rylands, and John L. Gittleman. 2012. doi: 10.1007/s10531-008-9427-z. 2011). Princeton: Princeton University Press. “Demographic Monitoring of Wild Muriqui Populations: Criteria for Defining Priority Areas and Monitoring Intensity.” PLoS ONE: 12 (12): e0188922. New York: Waveland. Bach Thanh Hai and colleagues (2018) found that yellow-cheeked crested gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in Southeast Asia were the most effective seed disperser for the Pacific walnut tree. 2001. Primates are viewed by many as exceptional animals for the ways in which they reflect elements of humanness, stimulating many thousands of people to observe their exhibits at zoos and sanctuaries throughout the world. Among the Awa Guajá of eastern Amazonia, for example, primates are considered a part of the humans’ extended kin network and are protected as such, yet they also constitute an important source of dietary protein and are hunted regularly (Cormier 2003). Figure B.4 A female northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) with infant at the Feliciano Miguel Abdala Private Natural Heritage Reserve outside of Caratinga, Brazil by Amanda J. Hardie, courtesy of Projeto Muriqui de Caratinga, is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. CITES. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23059. This can hopefully slow the conversion of naturally forested landscapes into agroindustrial environments. Systematic and long-term research studies provide some of the most foundational and necessary information for the conservation of endangered primates (Kappeler and Watts 2012). “Long-term Declines in Nutritional Quality of Tropical Leaves.” Ecology 96 (3): 873–878. Wheatley, Bruce P. 1999. She is a member of the Strier Lab, studying primate behavioral ecology and conservation. 2011. As anthropogenic and natural disturbances continue to intensify in range and scale, the future status of the world’s primates is increasingly dire. 2014. doi: 10.1002/1520-6505(2001)10:1<16::AID-EVAN1010>3.0.CO;2-O. 2012. Paying for photos with primates can also exacerbate the illegal pet trade because local people will be incentivized to harvest primate infants from wild populations, adversely affecting primate densities and social group dynamics. 2018a. ———. “Editorial: Community-Based Conservation in Madagascar, the ‘Cure-All’ Solution? 2003. 2017). Schloss, Carrie A., Tristan A. Nuñez, and Joshua J. Lawler. N.d. “CITES Trade Database.” Accessed July 22, 2018. https://trade.cites.org/en/cites_trade/#. ———. 2001). She has studied the behavior of neotropical primates at field sites in Eastern Costa Rica and the Ecuadorian Amazon. “ Long-term Field Studies: Positive Impacts and Unintended Consequences.” American Journal of Primatology 72 (9): 772–778. Fennell, David, and David Weaver. Lewis, Rebecca, and  F. Rakontondranaivo. Figure B.7 A female gelada (Theropithecus gelada) with a snare around its neck in central Ethiopia by Kadie Callingham is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. You searched for: Journal Primate Conservation Remove constraint Journal: Primate Conservation Publication Year 2014 Remove constraint Publication Year: 2014 Source 2014 no.28 Remove constraint Source: 2014 no.28 Subject forests Remove constraint Subject: forests Primate Conservation. Kalpers, José, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Martha M. Robbins, Alastair Mcneilage, Augustin Nzamurambaho, Ndakasi Lola, and Ghad Mugiri. doi: 10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0122. “Primates in Mythology.” In The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, edited by Agustín Fuentes, 1149–1154. Husson, Simon J., Marc Ancrenaz, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko, and Serge A. Wich. “In Vivo and In Vitro Turnover in Dental Microwear.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80 (4): 447–600. Learn more. PCI stands for Primate Conservation, Incorporated (also Peripheral Component Interconnect and 689 more ) What is the abbreviation for Primate Conservation… A. Bradshaw. The concept that species and systems can provide a suite of benefits to humans is known as ecosystem services (Cardinale et al. A second abstract may be included in another language, together with translated keywords, if the author prefers. Shekelle et al.. Supriatna et al.. Gamage et al.. Chan et al.. Population density of Aotus cf. 2012. This appendix begins with a review of the current status of primates and the criteria used in these assessments. “Social Taboos.” In The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, edited by Agustín Fuentes, 1319–1321. Scales, I. R. 2014. One of these protected areas, the Borajan Reserve Forest in India, saw a more than two-thirds reduction in suitable habitat within a three-year period, resulting in severe population declines for five primate species (Srivastava et al. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/jobs/list/avail, http://chainreactionresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/economic-drivers-of-deforestation-crr-160803-final1.pdf, Global primate species richness, distributions, and the percentage of species threatened and with declining populations (Figure 1), AAPA 87th Annual Meeting, 11-14 April 2018. We will be using the, “Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2018-2020” by Schwitzer et al. As habitats dwindle, the ability to regenerate healthy forest systems is crucial to the health and survival of tropical forest systems worldwide (Stier 2017). In Uganda, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) living within the Sebitoli Forest have been spotted with facial and limb deformities that are suspected of being related to their exposure to pesticides and herbicides used by local tea farmers (Krief et al. For those interested in gaining hands-on experience with primates, we recommend visiting Primate Info Net, where a list of field school opportunities and professional, educational, and volunteer positions are posted regularly. doi:  10.1002/ajp.20830. Science 329 (5994): 940–943. By acting as seed dispersers and pollinators, primates can aid in the reproductive success, regeneration, and diversification of plants within their ecosystems. 10 (1): 3–5. Reduction in population size of 80%–90% over the last ten years or three generations, depending on the causes and reversibility of the reductions; B. Haraway, Donna. They were also included in the 25 most endangered primates list for the first time (Husson et al. The categories range from  “data deficient,” when not enough is known, to “least concern,” “near threatened,” “vulnerable,” “endangered,” “critically endangered,” “extinct in the wild,” and “extinct.” Threatened species are classified as “vulnerable,” “endangered,” or “critically endangered,” with the most critically endangered species being those whose numbers are fewer than 250 mature individuals and continuing to decline or whose habitats are severely fragmented (Figure B.5; IUCN 2017). For example, the Northern Muriqui Project of Caratinga in Minas Gerais, Brazil, has documented growth of both the muriqui population and the regeneration of the forest via secondary succession (Strier 2010). Rebekah J. Ellis is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The development and expansion of the field of ethnoprimatology, the study of the human–nonhuman primate interface, has encouraged researchers from sociocultural anthropology and primatology to investigate these points where primates and humans interact and influence each other in surprising ways (Fuentes 2012; Sponsel 1997). Updated from Strier 2011a. Although ENSO events have been occurring for thousands of years, climate change is causing them to occur more frequently and with greater intensity (Wiederholt and Post 2010). 2017; Peterson 2017; Wheatley 1999). doi: 10.7717/peerj.4869. While only 0.1% of black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) habitat was lost to the construction of China National Highway 214, movement between habitat patches on either side of the highway was reduced by over 20% (Clauzel et al. 2017). Living nonhuman primates provide a comparative sample with which we deepen our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that shaped human evolution. We recommend readers visit their local zoos to learn about what actions zoos take to aid in the conservation of primates and how they can get involved in these activities. “Agricultural Expansion as Risk to Endangered Wildlife: Pesticide Exposure in Wild Chimpanzees and Baboons Displaying Facial Dysplasia.” Science of the Total Environment 598: 647–656. Perhaps one of the greatest success stories of nature-based tourism revolves around the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) of Rwanda. 3Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Translocations that are intended to promote conservation should increase the probability of the establishment of a self-sustaining population of the species and/or restore critical ecological functions. IPCC. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. doi: 10.1080/10871200903493899. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 2010. Seeds defecated by gibbons had higher germination and success rates than those spit by macaques in the same forest. “The Future of Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Management in Madagascar: Lessons from the Past and Challenges ahead.” In Conservation and Environmental Management in Madagascar, edited by  I. R. Scales, 342–360. This response lasted more than three years (Behie and Pavelka 2005; Pavelka and Chapman 2006). “The Promise of Primatology.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 38 (2): 177–182. The order Primates is one of the most diverse groups of mammals on the planet, with 504 species in 79 different genera currently recognized (Figure B.2; Estrada et al. doi: 10.1007/s10764-016-9941-x. Since the start of oil palm development in Indonesia’s Ketapang District in 1994, over 65% of habitats without government protection have been allocated to the oil palm industry (Carlson et al. “Conservation Assessment and Planning for the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey (Oreonax flavicauda) in Peru.” Wildlife Biology in Practice. 2017. In this article, we focus on the degree to which publications in field primatology are biased in favor of particular taxa and field sites. 2017.“Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018.” Arlington, VA: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society. 2013. Farmers worldwide are increasingly adopting conservation agriculture. Figure B.12 A northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis), Montagne des Français, Madagascar by Mary P. Dinsmore is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. Learn about ways that people, wherever they may live, can work to protect primates. doi: 10.1073/pnas.251680798. Lafferty, Kevin D. 2009. It can overcrowd national parks and over-habituate primates (Figure B.15), increase potential disease transfer between humans and primates, and exacerbate corruption, which often pulls money away from local communities (Hvenegaard 2014; Muehlenbein et al. Fuentes, Agustín. The number of recognized primate species for instance increased from 180 in 1967 to 480 in 2013. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Frugivory and seed dispersal are critical plant-animal relationships (Russo 2017). Whereas habitat loss reduces the total area in which primates can survive, habitat fragmentation divides large, contiguous primate habitats into smaller isolated patches (Figure B.9). Figure B.14 Fecal matter with seeds from the large-bodied northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) by Amanda J. Hardie, courtesy of Projeto Muriqui de Caratinga, is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. “Linkages between Biodiversity Attributes and Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review.” Ecosystem Services 9: 191–203. Ancrenaz, M., M. Gumal, A. J. Marshall, E. Meijaard, S. A. Wich, and S. Husson. 2017; Estrada et al. Over 30 zoos contributed 146 captive-born individuals to be reintroduced into Brazil, providing essential information on nutrition and health that aided in reintroduction strategies. She has authored or coauthored more than 100 publications, in addition to working on various coauthored and edited volumes and two single-authored books, Faces in the Forest: The Endangered Muriqui Monkeys of Brazil (1992) and Primate Behavioral Ecology, 5th edition (2017). Many primates are not capable of this adjustment and would need to shift their habitat range to cope. Primates with remarkably few changes in their skeletons and musculature have adopted a bewildering variety of locomotor patterns. 2007. Increasingly frequent regional droughts, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, not only affect resource abundance but also create a cascade of other ecosystem disturbances that contribute to increased carbon dioxide production (Zhao and Running 2010). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Geffroy, Benjamin, Diogo S.M. 2008. Habitat fragmentation and loss, hunting, climate change, and disease compound to reduce primate populations at a greater rate than when acting alone. Alves, Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega, Raynner Rilke Duarte Barboza, and Wedson de Medeiros Silva Souto. 2012. First published as a mimeographed newsletter in 1981, the journal today publishes conservation research and papers on primate species, particularly status surveys and studies on distribution and ecology. 2004; Inoue-Nakamura and Matsuzawa 1997). doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2017.09.009. This group collaborates with the International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and the Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) every two years to publish “Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates.” These lists are created at IPS open meetings and are intended to focus attention on all endangered primates by highlighting the plights of some of the most critically endangered (Schwitzer et al. A population of howler monkeys in Belize (Alouatta pigra) experienced population reduction and reduced reproduction after a hurricane hit. At the 15th Triennial Conference held in New Delhi in September 2008, ICOM-CC adopted a resolution on a terminology for conservation to facilitate communication in the international professional and public fora and in the literature, since the same word may currently have different meanings in different places. Krief, Sabrina, Philippe Berny, Francis Gumisiriza, Régine Gross, Barbara Demeneix, Jean Baptiste Fini, Colin A. Chapman, Lauren J. Chapman, Andrew Seguya, and John Wasswa. Candidate in Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a member of the Strier Lab. These services are often classified into four categories: provisioning (e.g., food), regulating (e.g., water quality regulating), cultural (e.g., recreation and aesthetic), and supporting services (e.g., nutrient cycling) (Harrison et al. “Tourism Revenue-Sharing around National Parks in Uganda: Early Efforts to Identify and Reward Local Communities.” Environmental Conservation 28 (2): 135–149. According to the CITES database, more than 450,000 live primates were traded over the past 15 years (CITES n.d.). Ungar, Peter S., and Matt Sponheimer. doi: 10.1080/0376835X.2010.522828. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.009. Much on‐the‐ground conservation is aimed at protecting particular species—often charismatic species such as orangutans, rhinos, tigers, bald eagles, and so forth. Payments for ecosystem services have the potential to conserve primate habitat by paying landowners for the preservation or enhancement of ecosystem processes, such as carbon storage, water provision, or pollination. Similarly, one population of northern muriqui monkeys (Figure B.4) inhabiting a small privately owned forest fragment in southeastern Brazil’s Atlantic Forest increased from about 50 individuals to nearly 350 individuals as a result of increased habitat protection over the course of the Muriqui Project of Caratinga, a long-term field study initiated more than 35 years ago by one of the authors of this appendix (Strier and Mendes 2012). Rothman, Jessica M., Colin A. Chapman, Thomas T. Struhsaker, David Raubenheimer, Dennis Twinomugesha, and Peter G. Waterman. Much on‐the‐ground conservation is aimed at protecting particular species—often charismatic species such as orangutans, rhinos, tigers, bald eagles, and so forth. 2012), forcing them to utilize a variety of possible, non-preferred habitats. Noss, Andrew J. “Primates in Peril: The Significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for Global Primate Conservation.” PeerJ 6: e4869. Primates are projected to have some of the most restricted ranges due to climate change (Schloss et al. Understand how these threats uniquely affect primates because of characteristics like slow growth rates, long interbirth intervals, strong social bonds, and cultural behavior. Pongo pygmaeus (errata version published in 2018). Introduction to Biological Anthropology, 14. 2015. How can you contribute to primate conservation in your everyday life. We thank the editors of this volume for inviting our contribution and for the helpful comments that they and an anonymous reviewer provided. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.006. Mosquito populations, which are vectors of diseases that affect humans and nonhuman primates like Zika virus, yellow fever, and malaria, often thrive in this type of environment and have expanded in recent years (Lafferty 2009). “Lemur Traits and Madagascar Ecology: Coping with an Island Environment.” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42: 31–72. 2015. 2005. Primate poaching is widespread and common in Vietnam. [226] Madagascar , home to five endemic primate families, has experienced the greatest extinction of the recent past; since human settlement 1,500 years ago, at least eight classes and fifteen of the larger species have become extinct due to hunting and habitat destruction. 1998. 2017). Suggest new definition. (2019) as a basis for the discussion of Infectious Diseases in Primates. Translocations that are intended to promote conservation should increase the probability of the establishment of a self-sustaining population of the species and/or restore critical ecological functions. “Phenotypic Plasticity and Adaptive Evolution Contribute to Advancing Flowering Phenology in Response to Climate Change.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279 (1743): 3843–3852. “The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Version 13.” Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org, accessed March 3, 2017. 2013). This, along with the notion that no other species visit the travel’s palm during certain times of the year, indicate that this plant species may be dependent on nonflying mammals for pollination (Kress et al. 2014). “A Global Strategy for Road Building.” Nature 513 (7517): 229–232. 2016. This dynamic might affect biodiversity assessment and conservation strategies, e.g., when setting conservation priorities or when To cope with the large-scale effects of climate change, primates must rely on behavioral flexibility and aid from humans. Horwich, Robert H., and Jonathan Lyon. This, coupled with other local pressures such as hunting and peat fires, resulted in the IUCN upgrading the Borneo orangutan’s (Pongo pygmaeus) conservation status to Critically Endangered in 2016. She was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Chicago, and Distinguished Primatologist Awards from the American Primatological Society and the Midwestern Primate Interest Group. Over the past 30 years, conservation NGOs have begun to move away from a preservation-based mindset that focused on excluding humans from using protected areas. Her dissertation work explores the consequences of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on the habitat and behavior of the northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis). With approximately 30% of nonhuman primate species listed as critically endangered, the window of opportunity to conserve primates is closing fast. 2012; Shanee et al. Understand the current conservation status of the world’s primates and the criteria that researchers and conservationists use to make these assessments. 2018). The nature of species, especially as applied to large mammals, is of major concern in conservation. 2017). Inoue-Nakamura, Noriko, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. As such, palm oil plantations have expanded into wildlife habitat throughout Southeast Asia, especially in Borneo and Sumatra, the last remaining habitats of orangutans (Pongo spp.) Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali are frequently found in the forests surrounding Hindu temples and will consume offerings left by residents and tourists once festivals or rituals are concluded (Fuentes 2010; Wheatley 1999). 2014: “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. 5 Department of The significance of these relationships is only becoming more apparent as habitats continue to be fragmented and destroyed. Often times videos of primates engaging with humans spark the popularity of these animals as pets. 2012. Nine successful conservation-motivated nonhuman primate translocations, involving fewer than 800 individuals, are described. The many threats facing primates that we have listed here are completely interrelated. Clark, Natalie E., Elizabeth H. Boakes, Philip J. K. McGowan, Georgina M. Mace, and Richard A. Fuller. Zhao, Maosheng, and Steven W. Running. Kappeler, Peter M., and David P. Watts. Out of the 77 greater slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang) confiscated from a single wildlife trader in Indonesia, 22 died from either trauma or from the severity of their wounds (Fuller et al. Over a decade later, the Primate Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union 2013). ———.1973. She has received funding from the Department of Anthropology, a Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship, and the National Geographic Society. Ravaged by deforestation and poaching, the ape now lives only in … Our research causes us to think about these issues on a daily basis. or baboons (Papio spp.) Primates have additional cultural significance as figures in folklore and legend, and they are often ascribed human-like characteristics in many of these narratives (Cormier 2017). 2005. What criteria do researchers and conservationists use to identify the conservation status of primate populations and species? Within the next half-century, over 25,000,000 kmof new roads are expected to be built, many of which in developing nations through primate habitats (Laurance et al. Climate change is associated with volatile and unpredictable weather patterns. 2015. Climate change alters the flowering and fruiting seasons of many plants, requiring a great deal of dietary flexibility from the organisms that rely on their production (Anderson et al. Investigating how local residents view primates—for example, whether species are considered sacred or not—is a vital component of conservation programs in these areas (Peterson and Riley 2017). “Natural Cultural Encounters in Bali: Monkeys, Temples, Tourists, and Ethnoprimatology.” Cultural Anthropology 25 (4): 600–624. “Mountain Gorilla Tourism Generating Wealth and Peace in Post-Conflict Rwanda.” Natural Resources Forum 37 (2): 127–137. Horwich, R. H., J. Lyon, and A. Bose. Associated with volatile and unpredictable weather patterns Community-Based conservation in the Face of change... Elizabeth M. Erhart, Deborah J. Overdorff, and Patricia C. Wright ENSO event can negatively affect resource! Current status of primate populations also poses a threat and must be done carefully to ensure the safety primates... To tool-using behaviors, rather than just phylogenetic relatedness to humans is as. 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